Research Study On Video Games Essay - 779 Words

A. SeX-Box: Exposure to Sexist Video Games Predicts Benevolent Sexism B. S. Paul Stermer and Melissa Burkley, Oklahoma State University C. Psychology of Popular Media Culture 2015, Volume 4, No. 1, 47-55 D. This research study sought to determine if choosing to play video games for long periods of time that contained high values of sexist content is associated with projecting sexist attitudes. It was hypothesized that men, rather than women who played video games regularly with high sexist content would be considered higher in benevolent sexism (not hostile) than men who played video games with low sexist content. E. Participants included, in total, 175 students from a large Mid-western university. Of the 175, 61 were male and 114 were female. The ages of participants ranged from 18 to 27. Within the group of participants; 81% were white, 5% were Native American, 5% were Hispanic, 5% were multiracial, 2% were Asian America, and 2% were African American. There wasn’t a significant difference between genders when relating to race. Participants were each asked to complete a set of questionnaires. The first section of questions was an adapted version of Anderson and Dill’s (2000) survey. The survey originally measured participant’s use of violent video games and through multiple studies has been proven to predict real world results. The survey was adjusted for video games containing sexist content, rather than violent content. Within the survey, participants were asked toShow MoreRelatedPsychology Research Study - Video Games and Violence Essay1932 Words   |  8 PagesA Care ful Analysis of a Research Study: Dr. Andersen’s Hypothesis The purpose of this paper is to provide a critical review of a recent study examining the effects of violent video games on aggressive behavior in young children. Let me first provide a brief summary of the study. (a) The hypothesis is that violent video games cause aggression in young children. (b) The target population is young children. (c) The samples are young school age children and the sample sizes are sixty children separatedRead MoreThis Article Provides A Brief Overview Of Existing Research1248 Words   |  5 Pagesprovides a brief overview of existing research on the effects of exposure to violent video games. An updated meta-analysis reveals that exposure to violent video games is significantly linked to increases in aggressive behavior, cognition, affect, and cardiovascular arousal, and to decreases in helping behavior. Experimental studies reveal the linkage is causal. Correlational studies reveal a links to serious, real types of violence. Methodologically weaker stu dies yielded smaller effect sizes than methodologicallyRead MoreThe Effects Of Violent Video Games On Human Behavior1602 Words   |  7 PagesVideo Games are a form of media that continues to grow throughout society. As it grows and becomes fully adopted by adults and children alike, it seems as though a shroud of controversy follows suit. Many parents and those alike seem very afraid or reluctant to let their children play video games in today’s age. They fear for the long term affects such games might have on their children or even the short term effects. Many people see a correlation between aggressive behavior, violent moods, and bullyingRead MoreDo Video Games Inspire Violent Behavior?1713 Words   |  7 Pageseffects of violent video games and the development of today’s youth. Many people believe that the violence in video games promotes aggression. According to Doctor Brad Bushman’s article, Do Violent Video Games Increase Aggression? he claims that vio lent video games leads to aggression because it is interactive process that teaches and rewards violent behavior. Yet others believe that this not the case. Gregg Toppo of the Scientific American, writes in his article, â€Å"Do Video Games Inspire Violent BehaviorRead MoreEffects of Video Games on Teenage Life1442 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Video games are part of the lives of almost all teens in America, (Lenhart, Kahne, Middaugh, Macgill, Evans and Vitak). Therefore, it is important to understand what, if any, effects video games are having on teenage life. Because many video games contain violent content, imagery, and gameplay, much research on video games has focused on whether playing violent video games leads to violent or aggressive behavior in youth. There is a lot of conflicting evidence about the relationship between videoRead MoreBenefits Of Video Games1395 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Action video games, which are categorized by fighting, shooting, or platform-style games, have come to dominate the gaming industry in the 21st century. Both parents and politicians alike have accused action games for causing antisocial, violent and even addictive behavior in gamers. This fear over video games fueled early research efforts to prove that violent video games were as damaging as claims would suggest. Many studies claim to show an overall negative psychological effect onRead MoreThe Effects Of Video Games On Levels Of Aggression1115 Words   |  5 PagesIn â€Å"The Effect of Online Violent Video games on Levels of Aggression† Jack Holligdale and Tobias Greitemeyer want to find out the effects video games have on aggression. Violent video games have previously been identified to be the most popular video games played by consumers. Research into the effect of violent video games on levels of aggression has led to concerns that they may pose a public health risk ( Holligdale Greitemeyer, 2014). Holligdale and Greitemeyer examined whether playing a FPSRead MoreGender Roles Of Video Games : Implications For Gender Socialization And Aggressive Behavior1576 Words   |  7 Pagesviolence and gender role portrayals in video games: Implications for gender socialization and aggressive behavior. Sex Roles, 38(5/6), 425-442). This study researches the potential effects on children by the use of gender representations and violence within popular video games. Outlined by the study of symbolic interactionism, the research questions the line between the representation of males and females, as well as how prominent violent topics are in games. These themes combined are used in orderRead MoreVideo Games And Its Effect On Society1298 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction During the advent of video games, the world was taken by storm, as this new type of entertainment caught the attention and imagination of the populace; but as this attention grew, concern and scrutiny weren’t far behind. Controversy finally got its chance in the 1990s, when games finally upgraded to 16-bit, giving them the ability to depict realistic blood and gore in games like Moral Kombat; which was criticized for excessive violence, a reason Congress used to create the EntertainmentRead MoreViolent Video Games and Their Impact on Children850 Words   |  3 PagesViolent Video Games and Their Impact on Children Outline Introduction A. Thesis: Although there are some reports of such games terribly impacting children, most research says that the violence in them is understood to be unrealistic, and thus not internalized and regurgitated back through increased aggressiveness in behavior. Reports Showing Violent Video Games Increase Aggression Exposure to violent video games has been lined to increases in aggression. Such reports have linked violent video

Compare / Contrast Araby Lust - 805 Words

Joyces Araby begins as a story about a young boy and his first love, his neighbor referred to in the story as Mangans sister. However, the young boy soon turns his innocent love and curiosity into a much more intense desire, transforming this female and his journey to the bazaar into something much more intense and lustful. From the beginning, Joyce paints a picture of the neighborhood in which the boy lives as very dark and cold. Even the rooms within his house are described as unfriendly, Air, musty from having long been enclosed, hung in all the rooms, and the waste room behind the kitchen was littered with old and useless papers. The young boy sees all of this unpleasant setting around him, and we see Mangans sister portrayed as†¦show more content†¦However, he ends up coming home so late because he was out drinking all night that the boy ends up being late. In Lust, the female is a student who lives in a partying, wild atmosphere. She talks about how they go to houses a nd drink and youd never know who would end up where or with whom. While it is not directly stated, alcohol is the reason why many of her sexual encounters occur. And while it seems that sex is what she desires, it is really alcohol that is ruining her desire and longing for love and a caring companion of the opposite sex by leading to all these lustfulShow MoreRelatedComparative Analysis Of Epiphany, From James Joyce s Araby And The Dead1758 Words   |  8 PagesJoey Gill ENG-L 204 Paper 1, Prompt D A Comparative Analysis of Epiphany, from James Joyce’s â€Å"Araby† and â€Å"The Dead† James Joyce elaborately portrays the complexity of the human male psyche through his protagonists in â€Å"Araby† and â€Å"The Dead.† Through the use of first person perspective, each protagonists’ true motivations and perceptions of reality are betrayed by Joyce, therefore allowing the reader to fully understand the fallacies and complexities within each character. Through the depictions ofRead MoreSucker And Araby Summary2083 Words   |  9 PagesA Comparison of Adolescence in the Short Stories â€Å"Sucker† and â€Å"Araby† Originating from the Latin verb â€Å"adolescere†, adolescence is the period in which an individual develops personal identity and autonomy in the pursuit of comfortable affiliations, goals and convictions. Narrated by Pete, Carson McCullers’s story â€Å"Sucker† Pete and his cousin Sucker struggle to transition from childhood to adulthood. The story covers a flashback in which the narrator reflects on his relationship with his youngerRead MoreComparing Adolescence And Maturity During The Short Stories Sucker And Araby 2084 Words   |  9 PagesComparing Adolescence and Maturity in the Short Stories â€Å"Sucker† and â€Å"Araby† Adolescence emanates from the Latin verb adolescere which means to grow into maturity. In other words, it is the period in which an individual must establish a sense of personal identity. In the Carson McCullers’s story â€Å"Sucker† two young characters struggle with their transition to adulthood. The narrator Pete, is 16, and the older of the two boys by about three years. The stories action covers an extended flashback inRead MoreSucker By James Joyce Analysis2089 Words   |  9 Pagesverbally assaults Sucker causing their relationship to deteriorate. On the other hand, James Joyce’s short story Araby, is about a young boy obsessing over a girl who lives across the street. When the young girl mentions her glaring desire to attend a certain bazaar called Araby, he sees this as an opportunity to win her heart; by attending the bazaar himself and bringing her back a gift. Araby to the narrator represents excitement and a chance to prove his love, however, it fil ls neither of these expectationsRead MoreJames Joyces Story Araby, By Carson Mccullers2068 Words   |  9 Pagesverbally assaults Sucker causing their relationship to deteriorate. On the other hand, James Joyce’s short story Araby, is about a young boy obsessing over a girl who lives across the street. When the young girl mentions her glaring desire to attend a certain bazaar called Araby, he sees this as an opportunity to win her heart; by attending the bazaar himself and bringing her back a gift. Araby to the narrator represents excitement and a chance to prove his love, however, it fills neither of these expectations

Airline Qantas Airways Ltd.

Question: Discuss about the case study Airline for Qantas Airways Ltd. Answer: Background of the Qantas Airways Limited: Qantas Airways Ltd is a flag carrier airline of Australia. It was founded on 16th November 1920. The primary hubs of the airlines are Brisbane Airport, Melbourne Airport and Sydney Airport. The headquarters of the company are located in Mascot and New South Wales. The secondary hubs are Adelaide airport, Dubai International Airport and Perth Airport. As per the annual report of the company, Qantas Airways Ltd has accumulated the revenue of A$15.8 billion in 2015. The total operating income of the company was A$975 million in 2015 (Qantas.com 2016). The total number of employees in the business is 28,622. Qantas Airways Ltd had 65% share of the Australian domestic market. Moreover, it is carried out 14.9% of all passengers travelling in or out of the country (Morrell 2013). The Qantas airline has some subsidiaries including Australia Asia Airlines, Impulse Airlines, Australian Airlines, Qantas Link, Jetstar Airways, Network Aviation and Jetconnect. It also operates freight service cal led Qantas Freight. Moreover, it air freight and Logistics Company called Australian Air Express. Qantas Airways Ltd leases cargo aircraft from Atlas Air. Qantas Airways Ltd. is a leader airline company in the Asia Pacific region. It is Australias number one domestic airline. Moreover, the Qantas Airways Ltd. is one of the top ten largest airlines in the world. The particular airline connects the Australia with 81 destinations in 40 other countries worldwide (Forsyth and Stewart 2012). However, it operates extensive domestic services in both New Zealand and Australia. The airline company operates several regional airlines in Australia. It has also made the partnership with a budget startup based airline in Singapore. As per the current report, Qantas Airways Ltd and its subsidiaries provide services to more than 30 million passengers in a year (Homsombat, Lei and Fu 2014). The airline company upholds some code share arrangements and alliances. Qantas Airways Ltd is a member of one world global airline alliance led by British Airways Plc and American Airlines Ltd. By discussing the history of the airline, it can be identified that the first aircraft was an Avro 504K. The airline started its first flight from May 1935, when it inaugurated service with Darwin, Northern Territory to Singapore (Oum and Yu 2012). The organisation has also connected its services with the aboriginal community. It has some links with the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander program. As per the report business report, 1-2% of the employees of the Qantas Airways Ltd belong to the aboriginal community (Ashwini Nand, Singh and Power 2013). SWOT analysis of Qantas Airways Limited: By developing the SWOT analysis on Qantas Airways Limited, the external business investigation can be conducted in an effective manner. The analysis provided below: Strengths Qantas Airways Ltd has the strong backup of the Australian government. In the Australian market, the particular airline is one of the largest companies Qantas Airways Ltd is monopoly in the Australian market It has been one of the oldest airline operators in the world. It has more than 20 international as well domestic destinations. The growth rate of the business is quite high, which indicates the positive sign of the business expansion in the future. Weakness The prime weakness of the company is that the airline has been concentrating around Australia. In recent times, the airline faces issues due to their employee engagement. The cost structure of the airline service is quite high, which often makes challenges for customers to avail the services. The organisation invests huge amounts in the research and development Opportunities The growing demand in the industry indicates the high opportunities for the business expansion in the global platform. Qantas Airways Ltd has huge financial resources that would facilitate them to enhance the business opportunities in an effective manner. The organisation has the opportunities for expanding their business to the international destinations especially in Asia Qantas Airways Ltd can tie-ups with the international airlines for combined services offering to the customers Threats In the recent years, the fuel pricing has been increasing. Consequently, it could affect the airline business. On the other hand, the rising labour cost is another major factor that would create challenges for the airline industry. There is huge competition in the market due to the new arrivals and SE airlines. In the recent years, the organisation has been tough competition from both Singapore Airlines and Air New Zealand. Technological problem and higher tax rates indicate the challenges for the management to execute the process in an effective manner. The particular organisation is unable to improvise its pricing model due to the rising cost of the raw materials. Sometimes, the financial capacity of the organisation does not allow them to implement enhanced technology in the business. Suggestions regarding the SWOT analysis: Strength: In the recent years, Qantas Airways Ltd. enhance their business opportunities in the global market in an effective manner. The Australian government has been providing strong backup for enhancing the infrastructure of the particular airline (Chandra et al.2014). In the Australian market, the particular organisation is one of the largest companies. Due to the huge financial resources, the organisation has been operating their services different countries including Africa, Europe and America. It is the oldest airline in the Europe. Consequently, it has huge experiences in the airline business. By discussing the strengths of the airlines, it can be assessed that the organisation has engaged more than 20 international and domestic destinations. However, the management of the Qantas Airways needs to enhance their international destinations for expanding their business opportunities in an efficient manner (Pearson and Merkert 2014). The key aspects of the marketing functions are related to the pricing and price elasticity, revenue management, sales and distribution. The key responsibility of the management is to deliver high-class services to the clients worldwide. On the other hand, the management has been trying to shape up their pricing policy for enhancing the customers base in the business (Lck and Gross 2013). However, as per the annual report of the organisation, the growth rate of the business is impressive, and it indicates the adequate opportunities for expanding the business on the global platform. Weakness: There are various internal and external factors affecting the business of Qantas Airways Ltd. By discussing the external analysis of the business; it can be assessed that the Particular airline has been improving their technology over the past few decades. However, the competition has been increased after the merger of Boeing with McDonnell Douglas (Sarina and Lansbury 2013). They have been investing a huge amount of money for developing the technology. On the other hand, the organisation has faced economic challenges due to increased price of crude oil. Moreover, the economic instability in the airline industry has affected the Qantas airline Ltd. has been focusing on the domestic market (Belobaba, Odoni and Barnhart 2015). Hence, the particular airline needs to improve their financial resources to expand their international destinations. In the recent years, Qantas Airline Company has invested a huge amount of money in the research and development. In a business report, it has been published that the cost structure of the company is quite high. Consequently, they are losing the domestic and international customers in the business. Sometimes, the long route flights are delayed due to the environmental constraints. Despite being one of the oldest airlines in the Europe, Qantas Airways had faced air accident in every decade (Morrell 2013). Consequently, it indicates the inefficiency in the technicality. Opportunities: The growing demands of the business indicate the high opportunities for the company. Qantas Airway Ltd has huge financial resources and backup of Australian government (Qantas.com 2016). Hence, it suggests the adequate opportunities for the business expansion in the international market. However, they can engage external financial resources for the improvement of the business. On the other hand, the organisation has the opportunity for including their services to the Asia. Qantas Airways can tie up with the international airlines for offering the combined services to the clients (Morrell 2013). The organisation has announced the leases for new aircraft fleet to cater extra passengers and enhancing the adequate employment opportunities. Hence, it can be assessed that the organisation had several financial resources and enhanced infrastructure, which would allow them to expand their business in the global platform (Forsyth and Stewart 2012). Threats: The prime threat to the business is that the increased fuel price in the global market. With the increased price rate of fuel, the airline business has been facing serious challenges in providing flawless services at reasonable cost. On the other hand, the rising labour cost has also created challenges for the business, as the company is unable to engage enhanced workforce in the business (Homsombat, Lei and Fu 2014). In the competitive market, the organisation has been facing tough competition from the new arrivals and the SE airlines. For competing with the new competitors, the organisation needs to analysis their pricing policy along with their existing technicality. Singapore airline and Air New Zealand have created challenges for the Qantas Airways Ltd (Oum and Yu 2012). In a recent business report, it has been published that the higher tax rates and technological issues of the particular airline organisation have made problems in executing the business in an appropriate manner (Ashwini Nand, Singh and Power 2013). References Ashwini Nand, A., Singh, P.J. and Power, D., 2013. Testing an integrated model of operations capabilities: an empirical study of Australian airlines.International Journal of Operations Production Management,33(7), pp.887-911. Belobaba, P., Odoni, A. and Barnhart, C., 2015.The global airline industry. John Wiley Sons. Chandra, S., Chitgopeker, C.K., Crawford, B., Dwyer, J. and Gao, Y., 2014. Establishing a benchmark of fuel efficiency for commercial airline operations.Journal of Aviation Technology and Engineering,4(1), p.6. Forsyth, A. and Stewart, A., 2012. Of Kamikazes and Mad Men: The Fallout from the Qantas Industrial Dispute.Melb. UL Rev.,36, p.785. Homsombat, W., Lei, Z. and Fu, X., 2014. Competitive effects of the airlines-within-airlines strategyPricing and route entry patterns.Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review,63, pp.1-16. Lck, M. and Gross, S., 2013. Low cost carriers in Australia and New Zealand.The Low Cost Carrier Worldwide, pp.155-174. Morrell, P.S., 2013.Airline finance. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. Oum, T.H. and Yu, C., 2012.Winning airlines: Productivity and cost competitiveness of the worlds major airlines. Springer Science Business Media. Pearson, J. and Merkert, R., 2014. Airlines-within-airlines: a business model moving East.Journal of Air Transport Management,38, pp.21-26. Qantas.com. (2016).Flights to Australia | Australia travel | Qantas. [online] Available at: https://www.qantas.com/travel/airlines/home/in/en [Accessed 13 Aug. 2016]. Sarina, T. and Lansbury, R.D., 2013. Flying high and low? Strategic choice and employment relations in Qantas and Jetstar.Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources,51(4), pp.437-453.

It Was the Strength of the Opposition Forces free essay sample

Many people of the world did not see the League as a good Idea. They wanted and were promised the war to end In a peace and normalize nationalism, but the treaty did not reach their expectations (Document B). It planned to prevent effects that were conflicting by using the same things for opposition. It wanted to use force to destroy force, militarism to prevent militarism, et cetera (Document A). Americans recognized that the resolutions projected and allowed by Wilson were condemned to fail. Willows administration questioned the morals included in the treaty. His Food Administrator, Hoover, wrote Wilson a letter expressing his concerns.Hoover believed the public would not stand for the wrongs In the treaty (Document D). Wilson did not agree with Hoover in that of which if the treaty was ratified, then it could be amended to please both sides. The public realized the consequences of Germanys punishments. We will write a custom essay sample on It Was the Strength of the Opposition Forces or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page John Keynes thought the victors had no right to penalize Germanys citizens and deprive them of happiness (Document F). Americans were divided in the ways of which things should have been carried out. Addams agreed that an international organization was deed; and W. E. B. DIG Bolls supported the League of Nations calling It the most forward-looking event of the century.He also stated that If Wilson was not bullheaded, the treaty would have been approved by the Senate (Document H). The Treaty of Versailles was intended to keep peace, and if fact, did the opposite. It created chaos in Eastern Europe and Germany, even without Congresss approval. Willows inability to see this caused him to give into the other leaders. They were trying to do nothing more than punish their enemies with ruthless compensations have stayed out of foreign problems (Document E). If the U. S. Had ratified the treaty, they would have been Joining the League of Nations.Two majors groups were in opposition of the treaty. Irreconcilable were completely against the Joining, while Reservations wanted a few amendments, especially against Article X. Lodge and the Reservations delayed the voting for the treaty, because if was presented right after the war, a general feeling of pity would overcome Congress and it would be ratified immediately. Lodges changes made Wilson ordered the Democrats to vote completely against the treaty with added reservations. His stubbornness and arsenal feelings against Lodge, would not allow him to accept changes made to his treaty. Also, Wilson only took one Republican with him to France from the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, and the committee would have first say over any ratification of the treaty. As a result of his stroke from traveling around the country presenting his idea to the public, he was paralyzed and placed in isolation for the remainder of his presidency. The treaty was not approved and Congress passed Joint resolutions with the Central powers, ending the war. The U. S. By no means Joined the League of Nations, for which President Wilson gave his life for.

Phenomenological and Social Psychoanalytic Approaches free essay sample

That the simple word l is always in the top twenty most common words used in the English languages Is no coincidence-?we are central to our framework of the world, ND therefore our self Is of great Importance to everything we do and think. Whether self is a set of attitudes, roles or characteristics and how much of those stem from our own individuality and how much from how we fit into society, is key to understanding the impact and influence that our self-images have on our lives. If you were asked to define your self, how would you do it?Would you say, l am a mother, I am a daughter, I am a doctor, using your roles In smaller and larger societies to define yourself? Or would you choose Instead to define yourself by the individual characteristics that serve to set you apart from your group and the world en masses-?l am funny, I am kind, I am shy? As central as the question of self may be, there is surprisingly little empirical research in social psychology on how we define ourselves . We will write a custom essay sample on Phenomenological and Social Psychoanalytic Approaches or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the main, this can be attributed to the inability to agree on whether self Is a set of attitudes or if it is otherwise constructed. Kuhn and McFarland (McFarland, 1954), however, did attempt to develop an experiment that would begin to clarify some of these questions. They asked 288 undergraduate students to answer who am l? Twenty different ways, in a short amount of time. As sociologists, they looked at their results from a different perspective than social psychologists, but it is still of interest to see how the students responded in ways that held up the idea of an individual-society dichotomy.Invariably, their responses showcased either the role they filled (student, son, friend) or how they saw themselves as Individuals (smart, gentle, tall) While our binary constructs can help to clarify and simplify a question, it can also serve to make formulating a real-world answer more difficult. Just as the self cannot e defined strictly in terms of its conscious formulations while discounting its unconscious, so too is it impossible to truly understand the self when using the foundation of the Individual-society du alism.This paper will examine how two social psychological perspectives-? phenomenological and social psychoanalytical-?have worked to define the self and how well they have managed to step away from the black and white dualism of individual-society, that has been historically prevalent, and develop a more cohesive, integrated model of the self. When looking at the history of how a topic has been understood, it is always important to remember that knowledge is not a static formulation. Rather, it is a dynamic product that is always at the mercy of the historical framework in which it finds itself. (Holloway, 2007) The understanding of any subject comes down to the time period, the culture, and the social location present for that subjects. Consider, for example, how the study of the self was far less popular in psychology in the United States in the mid-twentieth century than it is now, or indeed, as it was in other fields such as philosophy or sociology. It is necessary to remember that during this time period, psychology in the U. S. As very much concerned with separating itself from the philosophical disciplines and becoming more aligned with the sciences-? the study of the self can be seen to underscore the nebulous nature of the field, which was against the goals of that time and placed. In Britain in 1694, society was in the midst of the ramifications of a society moving away from agriculture and towards industry-?creating the fear of social ties being broken and of kinship no longer being the sole consideration for what makes a person-?when John Locke began to discuss personal identity in a way that saw it as a natural, observable phenomenon 4. This was a departure from when the basic understanding of self saw it both as a reflection of the immortal soul and of familial descent. What we take for granted-?that the self is not merely a collection of outer actions, but is also made up of a self-consciousness-?was then considered to be exceedingly modern and revolutionary. The idea of defining self based on familial descent is an interesting one, as it serves to underscore the importance of situated knowledge in this topic.Whereas in the Western world academics have moved increasingly towards the individualistic of he self, it is important to remember that in many third-world cultures defining the self is still very much a matter of defining the kinship ties a person has and their relatedness to the rest of the worlds. Does this mean that the self is a different entity depending on where you live? Is a person less of a separate being in Kenya than they are in Britain?This is at the root of why any definition that relies solely on a binary definition of self-?especially of individual-society dualism-will always be lacking. While this paper is primarily concerned with the issue of individual-society dualism, peeping in mind the other binary concepts that have had an impact on the definition of self-?integrated vs.. Fragmented, conscious vs.. Unconscious, true vs.. False-?can help to reinforce the idea that attempting to follow a strict dichotomy undermines the ability to achieve a realistic, usable definition of the self.The social psychoanalytic perspective and the self Social psychoanalysis is one of the best perspectives in merging dualistic thinking into a more cohesive whole. This is the perspective that best strives to see how the unconscious impacts the conscious and vice versa and how the fragmented forms motional experiences. The best strength of social psychoanalysis is that it is able to delve into the hidden depths of meaning in a persons experiences and relationships.If the best way to combat the individual-society strict dualism is to understand the interplay between the two, then social psychoanalysis is well-placed to find that interaction. Psychoanalysis is able to look at an individuals setting and relationships and delve deeper into the emotional interplay that has such an impact on that persons definition of self. This allows the focus to be on the dynamic experience of an individual who is always a sum total of their relationships and settings, and cannot be broken down to individual parts outside of those connections.Consider, for example, a sibling relationship. Siblings and placement in ones family is fundamental in how a person defines themselves by role-?I am an older brother, I am a protector, I am an only child-?and in the dynamics of how those relationships establish their own moral a nd cultural codes for that person, which is inherent in their unconscious motivations. Here then, is a clear interplay between the hidden ND the visible in defining the self, which the social psychoanalytic perspective is best poised to understand. The phenomenological perspective and the self The strong ties between phenomenology and philosophy lend both the greatest strengths for phenomenological perspectives to explain a cohesive definition of self, but also the greatest weakness in forming a definition of self that is applicable in the practical world: Because phenomenology is considered to be fundamentally irrelevant in any scientific explanation of the mind, the person-level is regarded as scientifically invisible: it is a ghost-like housing for sub-personal computational cognition.The problem of explaining how the sub-personal and sub-phenomenological machinery of mind is related to person-level experience is as troublesome for cognitive psychology as the problem Descartes faced in explaining how the ghost (the non- corporeal mind) is related to the machine (the material body)8. On the surface, phenomenology stands out as being one of the best perspectives to take on when attempting to view the definition of self away f rom the harsh dichotomy of individual-society.As phenomenology looks at how a person experiences the world hey inhabit, without the brackets of prior assumptions and understandings, it is well-situated to examine the essence of the self as it exists, rather than within the constraints of defining where that meaning comes from. This perspective retains its close links with its philosophical roots, and is therefore less bound by the attempts of scientific methodology to reduce definitions down to measurable parts. In phenomenology, a person does not need to be separated from the parts of their in whatever shape it takes in that particular moment.This is best understood through the core concept of lifework, wherein each person is seen as being inseparable from the setting of that persons life and their experience within that setting. This emphasis on a persons experiences, shared with others found in their situated settings, helps phenomenology to go beyond the individual-society dualism concept and instead formulate an idea of self as a fully in-the-moment combination of meaning. Concluding thoughts Both phenomenological and social psychoanalytical perspectives do much to move away from the individual-society dualism, though their methods in doing so are markedly different.Both methods look to go beyond simply what the person says is heir idea of self-?social psychoanalysis by looking for the hidden emotional meaning and connection of the words and phenomenology by looking below the surface for the meaning behind the experience. Both perspectives-?perhaps most importantly-? allow for an understanding of the self that is dynamically changing and developing as the individual has experiences and formulates meaning out of those experiences. This is the greatest combination of individual and society, where a person is both their existence in society, but also how they formulate the meaning of that existence.

The Treasure of the Aztecs

The Treasure of the Aztecs In 1519, Hernan Cortes and his greedy band of some 600 conquistadors began their audacious assault on the  Mexica (Aztec) Empire. By 1521 the Mexica capital city of  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Tenochtitlan was in ashes, Emperor Montezuma was dead and the  Spanish were firmly in control of what they took to calling New Spain. Along the way, Cortes and his men collected thousands of pounds of gold, silver, jewels and priceless pieces of  Aztec art. Whatever became of this unimaginable treasure? The Concept of Wealth in the New World For the Spanish, the concept of wealth was simple: it meant gold and silver, preferably in easily negotiable bars or coins, and the more of it the better. For the Mexica and their allies, it was more complicated. They used gold and silver but primarily for ornaments, decorations, plates, and jewelry. The Aztecs prized other things far above gold: they loved brightly colored feathers, preferably from quetzals or hummingbirds. They would make elaborate cloaks and headdresses out of these feathers and it was a conspicuous display of wealth to wear one. They loved jewels, including jade and turquoise. They also prized cotton and garments like tunics made from it: as a display of power, Tlatoani Montezuma would wear as many as four cotton tunics a day and discard them after wearing them only once. The people of central Mexico were great merchants who engaged in trade, generally bartering goods with one another, but cacao beans were also used as a currency of sorts. Cortes Sends Treasure to the King In April of 1519, the Cortes expedition landed near present-day​  Veracruz: they had already visited the Maya area of Potonchan, where they picked up some gold and the invaluable interpreter Malinche. From the town they founded in Veracruz they made friendly relationships with the coastal tribes. The Spanish offered to ally themselves with these disgruntled vassals, who agreed and often gave them gifts of gold, feathers and cotton cloth. In addition, emissaries from Montezuma occasionally appeared, bringing great gifts with them. The first emissaries gave the Spanish some rich clothes, an obsidian mirror, a tray and jar of gold, some fans and a shield made from mother-of-pearl. Subsequent emissaries brought a gold-plated wheel six and a half feet across, weighing some thirty-five pounds, and a smaller silver one: these represented the sun and moon. Later emissaries brought back a Spanish helmet which had been sent to Montezuma; the generous ruler had filled the helm with gold dust as the Spanish had requested. He did this because he had been made to believe that the Spanish suffered from an illness which could only be cured by gold. In July of 1519, Cortes decided to send some of this treasure to the King of Spain, in part because the king was entitled to a fifth of any treasure found and in part because Cortes needed the kings support for his venture, which was on questionable legal ground. The Spanish put together all of the treasures they had accumulated, inventoried it and sent much of it to Spain on a ship. They estimated that the gold and silver was worth about 22,500 pesos: this estimate was based on its worth as a raw material, not as artistic treasures. A long list of the inventory survives: it details every item. One example: the other collar has four strings with 102 red stones and 172 apparently green, and around the two green stones are 26 golden bells and, in the said collar, ten large stones set in gold... (qtd. in Thomas). Detailed as this list is, it appears that Cortes and his lieutenants held much back: it is likely that the king received only one-tenth of the treasure taken thus far. The Treasures of Tenochtitlan Between July and November of 1519, Cortes and his men made their way to Tenochtitlan. Along their way, they picked up more treasure in the form of more gifts from Montezuma, loot from the Cholula Massacre and gifts from the leader of Tlaxcala, who in addition entered into an important alliance with Cortes. In early November, the conquistadors entered Tenochtitlan and Montezuma made them welcome. A week or so into their stay, the Spanish arrested Montezuma on a pretext and kept him in their heavily defended compound. Thus began the plunder of the great city. The Spaniards continually demanded gold, and their captive, Montezuma, told his people to bring it. Many great treasures of gold, silver jewels and featherwork were laid at the feet of the invaders. Furthermore, Cortes asked Montezuma where the gold came from. The captive emperor freely admitted that there were several places in the Empire where gold could be found: it was usually panned from streams and smelted for use. Cortes immediately sent his men to those places to investigate. Montezuma had allowed the Spaniards to stay at the lavish palace of Axayacatl, a former tlatoani of the empire and Montezumas father. One day, the Spanish discovered a vast treasure behind one of the walls: gold, jewels, idols, jade, feathers and more. It was added to the invaders ever-growing pile of loot. The Noche Triste In May of 1520, Cortes had to return to the coast  to defeat the conquistador army of Panfilo de Narvaez. In his absence from Tenochtitlan, his hotheaded lieutenant Pedro de Alvarado ordered the massacre of thousands of unarmed Aztec nobles attending the festival of Toxcatl. When Cortes returned in July, he found his men under siege. On June 30, they decided they could not hold the city and decided to depart. But what to do about the treasure? At that point, it is estimated that the Spanish had amassed some eight thousand pounds of gold and silver, not to mention plenty of feathers, cotton, jewels and more.   Cortes ordered the kings fifth and his own fifth loaded onto horses and Tlaxcalan porters and told the others to take what they wanted. Foolish conquistadors loaded themselves down with gold: smart ones only took a handful of jewels. That night, the Spanish were spotted as they tried to flee the city: the enraged Mexica warriors attacked, slaughtering hundreds of Spaniards on the Tacuba causeway out of the city. The Spanish later referred to this as the Noche Triste or Night of Sorrows.The kings and Cortes gold was lost, and those soldiers who carried very much loot either dropped it or were slaughtered because they were running too slowly. Most of the great treasures of Montezuma were irrevocably lost that night. Return to Tenochtitlan and Division of Spoils The Spanish regrouped and were able to re-take Tenochtitlan a few months later, this time for good. Although they found some of their lost loot (and were able to squeeze some more out of the defeated Mexica) they never found all of it, despite torturing the new emperor, Cuauhtà ©moc. After the city had been retaken and it came time to divide the spoils, Cortes proved as skilled at stealing from his own men as he had in stealing from the Mexica. After setting aside the kings fifth and his own fifth, he began making suspiciously large payments to his closest cronies for weapons, services, etc. When they finally got their share, Cortes soldiers were dismayed to learn that they had earned less than two hundred pesos each, far less than they would have gotten for honest work elsewhere. The soldiers were furious, but there was little they could do. Cortes bought them off by sending them on further expeditions which he promised would bring in more gold and expeditions were soon on their way to the lands of the Maya in the south. Other conquistadors were given encomiendas: these were grants of vast lands with native villages or town on them. The owner theoretically had to provide protection and religious instruction for the natives, and in return the natives would work for the landowner. In reality, it was officially sanctioned slavery and led to some unspeakable abuses. The conquistadors who served under Cortes always believed that he had held back thousands of pesos in gold from them, and the historical evidence seems to support them. Guests to Cortes home reported seeing many bars of gold in Cortes possession. Legacy of the Treasure of Montezuma In spite of the losses of the Night of Sorrows, Cortes and his men were able to take a staggering amount of gold out of Mexico: only Francisco Pizarros looting of the Inca Empire produced a greater amount of wealth. The audacious conquest inspired thousands of Europeans to flock to the New World, hoping to be on the next expedition to conquer a rich empire. After Pizarros conquest of the Inca, however, there were no more great empires to find, although legends of the city of El Dorado persisted for centuries. It is a great tragedy that the Spanish preferred their gold in coins and bars: countless priceless golden ornaments were melted down and the cultural and artistic loss is incalculable. According to the Spanish who saw these golden works, Aztec goldsmiths were more skilled than their European counterparts. Sources Diaz del Castillo, Bernal. . Trans., ed. J.M. Cohen. 1576. London, Penguin Books, 1963. Levy, Buddy. . New York: Bantam, 2008. Thomas, Hugh. . New York: Touchstone, 1993.

Gene technology Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Gene technology - Lab Report Example The plasmid is 3.5 kb in size (Fig.5). It has two ECoRI restriction sites, hence should break any recombinant DNA into two fragments, i.e. ~3.5 kb and the inserted DNA. In our experiment – There are three fragments of DNA which shows that the inserted PCR product must have one ECoRI site. The ECoRI site in the PCR product is placed almost in the middle breaking it into two fragments, viz. 600 bp and 800 bp (Fig. 6). Interpretation - It appears that the insert has two restriction sites for NCoI (Fig 7). But position of the sites would result in a DNA fragment smaller than 1.5 kb (the total size of the insert), the size discrepancy is difficult to explain. Interpretation – This result is totally unexpected! The bands corresponding to both the restriction enzymes, i.e. at 1.0 kb, 2.5 kb, 3.0 kb are there but in addition there are three other intermediate size DNA fragments. The bands appear to be intermediates produced due to impartial digestion of the recombinant by the two restriction enzymes. Reason – Concentration of the enzymes was less, time of incubation is less than optimum or incubation conditions were inadequate. Sufficient time should be given for the restriction enzymes to act on all the sites. ii. NcoI digestion (Lane 4) – the restriction sites appear to be different than mine (Fig 4a). The NcoI sites appear to be closer in the 16S rDNA extracted by this student and give rise to a DNA fragment of 600 bp. Janda M. and Abbott S.L. (2007). 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing for Bacterial Identification in the Diagnostic Laboratory: Pluses, Perils, and Pitfalls. J. Clin Microbiol. 2007 September; 45(9): 2761–2764. Khare N., Sharma D., Somashekar U., Prakash A., Prakash S., Mendki M.J. and Anvikar A. (2008). Detection of bacterial DNA in cholesterol gall stones. The Internet Journal of Surgery 16 (2). Available from